Lupine Publishers Pediatrics and Neonatology

Introduction

Coordinated manner of action of the projections from monoaminergic cell groups, cholinergic and orexin neurons, produces arousal. Turning this arousal system off would result in producing sleep. There is an important role for the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO) to inhibit the arousal circuits during sleep. VLPO neurons are sleep active neurons [1-3]. Also, these neurons contain GABA and Galanin as inhibitory neurotransmitters. Such neurons receive afferents from monoaminergic systems. VLPO lesions would cause fragmented sleep and insomnia.
VLPO has two groups of neurons: One group located in the core of the VLPO and its neurons project to the tuberomammillary nucleus and the other group of neurons which is called extended VLPO, projects to the median and dorsal raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus, tuberomammillary nucleus and dorsal raphe as the arousal system components on one hand and VLPO on the other hand would be inhibitory in the mutual manner [4-6]. This results in a flip-flop electronic switch or circuit. This flip-flop design, prevents intermediate states to be occurred, facilitates switching between states of behavior and ensures behavioral states stability [7]. Such flip-flop design causes the monoaminergic system to be on the arousal side and the VLPO to be on the sleeping side.

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